kok游戏官网登陆

kok游戏官网登陆

经典音乐游戏休闲游戏

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详细信息
  • 软件大小: 07.2MB
  • 最后更新: 2024-06-22 16:56
  • 其他版本: 9.5.7
  • 文件格式: 商店下载
  • 应用分类: 音乐游戏
  • 使用语言: 中文
  • 网络支持: 需要联网
  • 系统要求: 安卓/苹果
应用介绍
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2、结合了多种元素的方法来制作,这样就能够让方块愈加的百变,包含了不同的颜色改变;
3、EditorsNoteProfessorMoonChung-in,acorestrategistinSouthKoreasforeignaffairsandmilitary,hasservedunderthreeleft-winggovernmentsledbyKimDae-jung,RohMoo-hyun,andMoonJae-in.Hehasheldvarioushigh-levelpositions,includingChairmanoftheNationalIntelligenceReformCommission,AmbassadorforInternationalSecurityAffairsattheMinistryofForeignAffairsandTrade,ChairmanofthePresidentialCommitteeonNortheastAsianCooperationInitiative,andSpecialAdvisortothePresidentMoonJae-inforUnification,Diplomacy,andNationalSecurity.ProfessorMoonisalsoarenownedinternationalpoliticalscholarwithglobalinfluenceandoneofthearchitectsoftheSunshinePolicytowardsNorthKorea.Currently,NortheastAsiasinternationalrelationsareinhistoricaltransition,withSouthKoreabeingasignificantvariable.Whatarethe‘instabilityfactorsinU.S.-Japan-SouthKoreatrilateralcooperation?IsCampDavidSummitreallya‘milestone?WheredothechallengesandopportunitieslieinChina-ROKrelations?HowtomakeabreakthroughintheNorthKoreannuclearissue?HowdoesSouthKoreasdomesticpoliticallandscapeinteractwithitsforeignpolicy?MoonChung-in,theformerkeydecision-makerinSouthKoreandiplomacywasinterviewedonIfeng.comsDialoguewiththeWorld.Highlights:1.TheestablishmentofNEATOwasalong-standingaspirationofAmericanfigureslikeDullesandCampbell.WiththeAugustsummitbetweentheUnitedStates,Japan,andSouthKorea,theU.S.hasmadefurtherprogresstowardthisgoal.However,SouthKoreasbenefitsfromthisarelimited.ThetrilateralmechanismbetweentheUnitedStates,Japan,andSouthKoreahastwoweaknesses:first,theuncertaintycausedbydomesticpoliticalfluctuationsintheU.S.andSouthKorea,andsecond,theinherentinstabilitywithinthetriangularrelationship.2.JapansflawedhistoricalperceptionhasledtoasetbackinrecentyearsinmilitarycooperationbetweenJapanandSouthKorea.GSOMIAwasonceatriskofbeingterminated,buttherehasntbeenasignificantinterruptionincrucialmilitaryintelligenceexchangesbetweenthetwocountries.ProgressivesinSouthKoreaareconcernedthattheSummitcouldpromoteJapansremilitarization,contributetoconstitutionalrevisions,andpotentiallyleadtoaresurgenceofmilitarism.3.OnAugust15th,duringtheLiberationDayspeech,PresidentYoonSuk-yeoldidnotfollowtheusualpracticeofcriticizingJapan.ForPresidentYoon,itismoreimportantforJapanandSouthKoreatojointlyaddressthethreatsfromChinaandNorthKoreathantorespectthehistoricalmemoriesoftheKoreanpeople.Left-wingleaderLeeJae-myungengagedinahungerstrikeprotest.TheimmediatecausewastoprotesttheYoongovernmentspermissiveattitudetowardsJapansdischargeofnuclear-contaminatedwater.Theunderlyingreasonsinvolvepoliticaldisputesbetweenthetwopartiesandpersonalgrievances.4.RecentSouthKoreanmediahaveshownsignsofasoftenedstancetowardsJapan,butpublicsentimentremainsnegativetowardsJapan.JapaniscautiousaboutSouthKoreasrecentpro-Japanattitude,asitrecognizesthatwithshiftsinSouthKoreasdomesticpoliticalclimate,anti-Japanesesentimentcaneasilyresurface.SomeinJapanbelievethataslongasinter-Koreanrelationsremaintense,SouthKoreawillseekJapansassistance,andtherefore,Japan-SouthKorearelationswontdeteriorate.However,thisviewissomewhatbiasedandsimplistic.5.ThestatementsmadeduringtheU.S.-Japan-SouthKoreasummitregardingNorthKoreaareseenasmerelyachangeinrhetoric,whilethesituationontheKoreanPeninsulacontinuestodeteriorate.NorthKoreahaspreviouslyacceptedChinasproposal,butnowitrequiresgreaterconcessions.TheongoingdeteriorationofSouthKoreanpublicsentimenttowardsChinaplaysasignificantroleintheworseningChina-SouthKorearelations.Thisisrootedinvarioushistorical,culturaldisputes,mediademonization,andhasasignificantimpactonyoungpeopleinSouthKorea.ItmaybechallengingforChina-SouthKorearelationstoimproveintheshortterm,butiftheleft-wingtakespowerinSouthKoreafouryearsfromnow,therecouldbeanopportunityforashiftinbilateralrelations.Interviewer:ChenZhiweiEditor:ChenZhiweiDialoguewiththeWorld:RegardingtherecentconcludedU.S.-Japan-SouthKoreaTrilateralSummit,PresidentYoonSuk-Yeolreferredtothissummitasamilestonefortrilateralcooperation.Basedontheoutcomesofthetalks,doyoubelievethissummittrulyholdsamilestonesignificance?MoonChung-in:ItmightbeamilestonefortheUS,butnotforSouthKorea.Washingtonhasawayswantedtocreateasub-regionalcollectivedefensearrangement,likeNATO,inNortheastAsia.Thus,thesummitwasakindofmilestonefortheUS.ButIdontthinkitrepresentsamilestoneforSeoulsinceithasalreadybeenmaintainingastrongbilateralalliancewiththeUS.andaclosetrilateralsecuritycooperationwiththeUSandJapan.IdonotseeanyadditionalmeritsforSeoulotherthansymbolicachievement.OnAugust3,1954,JohnFosterDulles,thenSecretaryofStateproposedtheestablishmentofNEATO(NortheastAsiaTreatyOrganization)similartoNATOthatincludesSouthKorea,Japan,Taiwan(thentheRepublicofChina),andtheUS.ButPresidentRheeSyngmanofSouthKoreastronglyopposedthatideabecausehedidnottrustJapan.▎JohnFosterDulles,thestrategicmastermindoftheUnitedStatesduringtheColdWarandformerSecretaryofStateJapanspeaceconstitutionalsoposedanotherbarrier.Atthattime,JapanesepublicwaswaryofjoiningthealliancethatcouldimplicateJapaninanotherwars.ThatiswhyNEATOwasnotmaterialized.KurtCampbell,whoisanarchitectofIndo-PacificstrategyintheBidenadministration,proposedtheAsiarebalancingstrategyinthecapacityofassistantsecretaryofstateforAsia-PacificAffairduringtheObamaadministrationandurgedJapanandSouthKoreatoworkclosely.Inthatway,hewantedtoconsolidatethetrilateralsecuritycooperation.ButhiseffortsdidntworkoutwellbecauserelationsbetweenJapanandSouthKoreagotsouredoverhistoryissues.▎KurtCampbell,thearchitectoftheIndo-PacificstrategyandinitiatoroftheAsia-PacificrebalancestrategyOntheoccasionofCampDavidSummitinJuly,however,hiseffortsprovedtobesuccessful.Itcanbeseenasasteppingstonetowardtheinstitutionalizationoftrilateralcooperation,reminiscentofaNEATO-typearrangement,thatcanbevitaltotheIndo-Pacificstrategy.Inthatsense,theUShaseverythingtogainfromthesummit.Japangainedalottoo,asevidencedbytheenhancementoftrilateralmissiledefensecooperationwithoutmakinganyconcessionstoSouthKorea.ForSouthKorea,however,IdontseeanybiggainsbecauseexistingarrangementssuchastheROK-USallianceandtheexistingUS-Japan-ROKsecuritycooperationhavealreadybeenworkingwell.ItcannotbedeniedthoughthattheYoongovernmentwaspsychologicallyandsymbolicallyrewarded.DialoguewiththeWorld:Somecommentatorssuggestthatthekeyaspectofthissummitistheinstitutionalizingoftrilateralcooperation,aimingtomaintaintheexistinglevelofcooperationinsecurityandpreventpotentialsetbacksduetochangesingovernments.Howdoyouperceivethisperspective?WhichfactorsdoyoubelieveimpactthestabilityoftrilateralcooperationamongSouthKorea,theUnitedStates,andJapan?Amongthesecountries,whichonepresentsthemostsignificantinstabilityfactor?JapanseemsparticularlyconcernedaboutpotentialshiftsinSouthKoreaspoliciesafterachangeingovernment,whichcouldpotentiallydisrupttrilateralcooperation.HowdoyouevaluateJapansapprehensions?MoonChung-in:Yes,institutionalizationoftrilateralcooperationcanbeseenasthemostsignificantachievement.ButIseetwoelementsofinstability.Thefirstisdomesticpolitics,andtheotherisabuilt-ininstabilityofthetriangularrelationship.ChangeofthegovernmentinSouthKoreacangreatlyaffectthefutureofthetrilateralrelations.Itsquiteplausiblegivenwhathappenedinthepast.Forexample,PresidentKimDaeJungsignificantlyimprovedbilateralrelationswithJapanbyadoptingtheFuturePartnershipDeclarationwithprimeministerObuchiKeizoinOctober1998.However,ashistoryissuessuchascomfortwomen,theforcedlabormobilizationduringtheJapanesecolonialperiod,andDokdo/Takeshimabecamepoliticized,Japan-SouthKorearelationshipgotinstantlysoured,evenduringtheconservativegovernmentsofpro-Japanstance.ThatswhysomeJapaneseareskepticalofJapan-SouthKorearelationsaswellasthefutureofthetrilateralrelations.▎InOctober1998,SouthKoreanPresidentKimDae-jungandJapanesePrimeMinisterKeizoObuchiissuedtheJapan-SouthKoreaJointDeclarationThesamecanbesaidoftheUS.SupposeTrumpgetsreelectedin2024!Thetrilateralcooperationwillencounteramajorchallenge.Likewise,domesticpoliticalchangescanemergeasamajorinstabilityfactor.Andfromageometricpointofview,thetriangularrelationshipisinherentlyunstable.Ifoneofthethreebetraysordefects,itisboundtodysfunctionorcollapse.DialoguewiththeWorld:FormerU.S.governmentofficialshavestatedthatSouthKoreaspreviousrefusaltoshareradardatawithJapanhinderedU.S.effortstocounterNorthKoreanmissilethreats,necessitatingmoreconvolutedapproachestoobtaininformation.WhileSouthKoreaandJapanhadpreviouslysignedGeneralSecurityofMilitaryInformationAgreement(GSOMIA),SouthKoreadecidedtoterminatethisagreementin2019.WhatweretheconsiderationsbehindSouthKoreasdecisiontoterminatetheagreement?MoonChung-in:Idonotbuythisargument.TheMoonJae-ingovernmentneverterminatedGSOMIA.Itwasconditional.OnJuly1,2020,theAbegovernmentimposedunilateralsanctionsonSouthKoreainvolvingthreesemiconductor-relatedmaterials.JapanclaimedthatSouthKoreanfirmswereillicitlytransferringJapanscriticaltechnologyandmaterialstopotentiallyhostilecountrieslikeChinaandNorthKorea.▎JapansunilateralsanctionstriggeredastrongbacklashinSouthKoreanpublicopinionTheMoongovernmentwasveryangryaboutthemeasurebecauseitwasafalseaccusation.SouthKoreanfirmsneverengagedinsuchpracticesandfullycompliantwithinternationalregulatoryregimessuchastheVassenarconvention.ThemeasurewasseenasapoliticalvendettabytheJapanesegovernmenttopunishSouthKoreanfirmsovertheSouthKoreancourtsdecisiontofreezeassetsofJapanesefirmsinSouthKoreawhichwereinvolvedinforcedlabormobilizationduringthecolonialperiod.FortheMoongovernment,itwasamatteroftrust.IfJapancannottrustSouthKorea,howcanSouthKoreaexchangesensitivemilitaryinformationwithJapanunderGSOMIA?TheMoongovernmentrespondedbysayingthatunlesstheJapanesegovernmentliftsthesanctions,itwouldnotrenewtheGSOMIAinNovember,whichwassupposedtoberenewedannually.ButtheMoongovernmentdidnotterminateGSOMIApartlybecauseofAmericanpressure,andpartlybecauseofmilitaryutilities,althoughitsscopeanddepthwaslimited.▎In2019,SouthKoreancitizenscalledfortherepealofGSOMIAwithJapanAndthestatementbyformerAmericangovernmentofficialsseemsinaccurate.IntandemwithGSOMIA,SouthKorea,theUS,andJapanhavebeenoperatingtheTrilateralInformationSharingAccord(TISA).InformationexchangebetweenSouthKoreaandtheUShasbeenrobust,andtheUScansharesuchinformationwithJapan.Thus,Ibelieve,therewerenomajorinterruptionsininformationsharingbetweenJapanandSouthKorea.▎InDecember2014,theUnitedStates,Japan,andSouthKoreasignedtheTrilateralInformationSharingAgreement(TISA)aimedataddressingNorthKoreaDialoguewiththeWorld:InthecontextoftheU.S.-Japan-SouthKoreatrilateralsummit,oppositionpartyinSouthKoreahaveassertedthattheSouthKorea-U.S.allianceisalreadyrobustenough,renderingcooperationwithJapanunnecessary.Howwouldyouevaluatethisviewpoint?MoonChung-in:Yeah,thatisthebasicpositionoftheoppositionDemocraticPartyofKorea.ThosewhoarecriticaloftheCampDavidsummitarguethattheexistingbilateralalliancewiththeUSandtrilateralcooperationwithJapanandtheUSarerobustenoughtoenhanceSouthKoreassecurity.Thus,thenewtrilateralarrangementwouldnotaccrueanyadditionalbenefitstoSouthKorea.Itmaybesubjecttothelawofdiminishingreturns.Oneofthesummitsdocuments,‘CommitmenttoConsultation,clearlyindicatesthatalthoughJapan,SouthKorea,andtheUSarecommittedtoconsultincopingwithcommonthreatsintheregion,therearenodomesticandinternationallegalobligations.▎OneofthedocumentsfromtheCampDavidSummit:CommitmenttoConsult.TheBidenadministrationalsostatedclearlythatthetrilateralmechanismisaconsultativebody,notanalliance.Nevertheless,thecriticsfearthatsuchtrilateralarrangementcansendawrongsignaltoJapan,temptingitsconservativestopushfortheamendmentofthePeaceConstitution.Theyhavebeencampaigningfortheconstitutionalamendmentfor‘anormalstate(一般の国)throughremilitarization,namelythetransformationofself-defenseforcesintoregulararmy..ManySouthKoreansworryaboutsuchdevelopments.Thiscouldbetantamounttobringingthegenie,remilitarization,outofthebottle.ThecriticsworrythatifJapanisallowedtoremilitarizewithoutfirstmakingauthenticandsincererepentanceandapologyofpasthistoricalmistakes,oldlegaciesofitsmilitarismcouldeasilyresurface.LiberalsandprogressivesinSouthKoreaarguethatputtingthegenieofmilitarismbackintothebottlewillbeadauntingchallenge.Inthatsense,theyarecriticaloftheCampDavidsummit.Indeed,buryingthehistoricalpastforthesakeofimminentsecurityandeconomicinterestswillfurtheraggravatefracturedpainsoftheSouthKoreanpeople.DialoguewiththeWorld:InthisyearsAugust15thLiberationDayspeech,PresidentYoonrefrainedfromcriticizingJapanonhistoricalandnuclearwastewaterdisposalissues.Instead,hereferredtoJapanasacooperativepartnerwithsharedvaluesandinterests.HowdoyouperceivethecontentofPresidentYoonsspeech?MoonChung-in:Yes,itwasveryunusual.Traditionally,theIndependenceDaypresidentialspeecheshavealwaystouchedhistoricalissuesandurgedJapantorepentandapologize.ThisyearPresidentYoondidnotmentionaboutthehistoricalpast.Instead,heunderscoredtheimportanceofcommonvaluessharedbetweenthetwocountriesandneedforfuturepartnershipandcooperation.▎PresidentYoonSuk-yeolsLiberationDayspeechdidnotcriticizeJapan;instead,hereferredtoJapanasapartnerForPresidentYoon,securityandeconomiccooperationwithJapantocopewithNorthKoreasnuclearthreatsandchallengesassociatedwithChinasriseismoreimportantthanremindingpeopleofJapanspasthistoricalmistakesandhonoringKoreanpeoplescollectivememoryofthehistoricalpast.AmajorityofSouthKoreansbelievethathisspeechwasinappropriate.Theycontendthatwecannotmoveforwardwithoutsettlingthehistoricalpast.Thepastisamirrorofthefuture.Withbrokenmirrorofthepast,wecannotseethefutureclearly.Ipersonallybelievethatitisnotacceptabletosacrificehistoryissuesforthesakeofsecurityandeconomicgains.Issuespertainingtosecurity,economy,andhistoryshouldbepursuedinparallel,notinasequentialmanner.DialoguewiththeWorld:LeeJae-myong,leaderoftheoppositionpartyhasbeenundertakingahungerstrikeagainstpresidentYoon.Doyoubelieveitwillbesuccessful?MoonChung-in:Idontknow.ItwillbeaverycriticalpoliticalmomentforLeeJae-myong.Ithaselapsedninedayssincehehasundertakenthehungerstrike.Idontknowwhetherhewillbesuccessfulornot.ButhishungerstrikewillputtheYoongovernmentinaverydifficultsituationaswell.▎LeeJae-myung,wentonahungerstriketoprotestforovertendays.Duetodeterioratinghealthconditions,thehungerstrikewasmovedindoorsNominalreasonforLeetoengageinthehungerstrikeisprotestoverthedisposalofFukushimanuclearwastewaterintosea.Butthereareotherreasonstoo.LeearguesthatPresidentYoondoesnthonordemocraticprinciplesandhelooksdownupontheoppositionparty,whichhasamajorityseatintheNationalAssembly.Withouthavingmutualrespect,hequestions,howcanheseekdemocraticpolitics?Recognitionofmutualidentityhasbecometheprimarycause.ItalsoreflectsLeespersonalgrievanceovertheabuseofprosecutorialpower.TheofficeofprosecutorshasbeeninvestigatingLeeandhisassociatesformorethanayearsinceYoon,whowasProsecutorGeneralundertheMoonJae-ingovernment,waselectedinMarch2022,LeeshungerstrikecanbeseenashispersonalprotestofYoonsgovernmentsprolongedandtargetedinvestigation.LeeperceivestheabusiveinvestigationofYoonspoliticalvendetta.▎LeeJae-myungnarrowlylostinlastyearspresidentialelection.Sincetakingoffice,PresidentYoonSuk-yeolhascontinuedtoconductjudicialinvestigationstargetingLeeJae-myungandhiscloseassociatesAgain,Idontknowwhetherhishungerstrikewillbesuccessfulornot.ButLeehasbeengainingsomepubicsympathy,andapprovalrateofhimandhispartyhasbeenontherisealbeitminimal.DialoguewiththeWorld:InpreviousyearsleadinguptoLiberationDay,therewerenumerouscriticalarticlesinSouthKoreanmediaconcerninghistoricalissueswithJapan,butthisyear,theywerecomparativelyfewer.OnpreviousInternationalMemorialDayforComfortWomenevents,large-scalerallieswereheldinfrontoftheJapaneseembassy,yetthisyearseventwasconductedindoorsandonasmallerscale.DoyoubelievetherehasbeenashiftinSouthKoreanpublicsentimenttowardsJapan?MoonChung-in:Idontthinkso.PublicsentimentstowardsJapanarestillnegative.Forexample,arecentsurveyshowsthat85%ofrespondentsopposedthereleaseofnuclearwastepollutantintotheseainFukushima.AndpublicralliesprotestingYoongovernmentspro-Japanstancearetakingplacealmostweeklybasis.PresidentYoonhasbeenlosinghisapprovalratepartlybecauseofhispro-Japanpolicies.▎Accordingtopolls,85%ofSouthKoreancitizensopposeJapansdichargeofnuclearcontaminatedwaterintotheseaAlthoughmainstreammassmediainSouthKoreadonotcoveranti-Japaneseactivitiesfully,thereareon-goingpublicralliesregardingmajorhistoricalissuessuchasforcedlabor,thecomfortwomen,Dokdo,andthenamingofEastSea,(东海)whichJapancallstheSeaofJapan.Yoongovernmentseffortsnotwithstanding,anti-Japanesesentimentswillnotdisappearsoon.ThatiswhyJapanesearenotthatoptimisticaboutthefutureofJapan-SouthKoreanrelations.Theycanbeeasilyreversible,dependingondomesticpoliticalmood.FormerPresidentLeeMyong-bak,whowasknowntobepro-Japantohisbonemarrow,personallyvisitedDokdofordomesticpoliticalgain,disappointingJapan.FormerPresidentParkGeun-hye,whosefatherParkChung-heewasaclosefriendofKishiNobuske,AbesgrandfatherandformerJapaneseprimeminister,was,contrarytopublicexpectation,verytoughonthecomfortwomenissue.▎InAugust2012,then-SouthKoreanPresidentLeeMyung-bakvisitedDokdoIslandtoassertsovereignty,becomingthefirstSouthKoreanpresidenttosetfootontheislandThatswhytheJapanesegovernmentandpeoplearemuchmorecautiousaboutYoonspro-Japanstance.DialoguewiththeWorld:NotedJapanesemediafigureSawadaKatsumi(澤田克己)reviewedthestateofJapan-SouthKorearelationsduringPresidentMoonJae-instenure.HementionedthatinPresidentMoonsfirstyear,relationsbetweenSouthKoreaandNorthKoreaweretense,andPresidentMoonemphasizedcooperationwithJapan.Subsequently,South-Northrelationsimproved,andtheimportanceofJapan-SouthKoreacooperationdiminished,leadingtoadeteriorationinJapan-SouthKorearelations.ItseemsthatSouth-NorthrelationsarethekeyfactorinfluencingJapan-SouthKorearelationsstability.Howdoyouassessthisperspective?MoonChung-in:Iwouldsayitspartiallycorrect.ItistruethatwhenJapanandSouthKoreasharedcommonpolicyonNorthKorea,thebilateralrelationsimprovedsignificantly.Forexample,PresidentKimDae-Jungpursuedthesunshinepolicy,andPrimeMinisterObuchistronglysupportedit.Consequently,bilateralrelationsbetweenSeoulandTokyowereexcellent.▎ProfessorMoonChung-inwasinvolvedinproposingtheSunshinePolicy,whichhelpedSouthKoreanPresidentKimDae-jungwinthe2000NobelPeacePrize.TheleftisPresidentKimDae-jung.ButIdontthinkthatNorthKoreaisthekeyfactorinfluencingthenatureofJapan-SouthKorearelations.LetstakeanexampleofPresidentMoonJae-in.HewasgenuinelyinterestedinimprovingrelationswithJapan.HeurgedPrimeMinisterAbetocooperateeachotherindealingwiththreatsfromNorthKoreaandotherregionalsecurityandeconomicissues.Meanwhile,Moonsaidthatitwilltakemuchlongertimetosolvethehistoryissuespreciselybecausetheyrequirepeoplesconsent.MoonproposedtoAbethattheyshouldenhancecooperationinsecurity/economicissues,whileseekinganincrementalapproachtohistoryissuessimultaneously.ButPrimeMinisterAberejecteditbysayingthatunlesshistoryissues,especiallycomfortwomenandforcedlabor,areresolvedfirst,therewillbenocooperationinsecurityandeconomicissues.Twoleadershadfourface-to-facemeetingsandelevenphoneconversations,butfailedtoproduceanypositiveoutcomes.ItwasknownthatPrimeMinisterAbewasverystubbornonhisstance.▎FormerJapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAbehadafirmstanceonhistoricalissues,andduringhistenure,Japan-SouthKorearelationssignificantlydeterioratedInsum,inter-KoreanrelationsareimportantinshapingJapan-SouthKoreanrelations,buttheydonotdictatethebilateralrelations.DialoguewiththeWorld:DuringtheTrilateralSummit,SouthKorea,theUnitedStates,andJapanexpressedwillingnesstoengageindialoguewithNorthKoreawithoutpreconditions.However,aroundthebeginningoftheBidenadministration,theU.S.stateditwouldnotengageinunconditionaltalkswithNorthKorea.WhatdoyoubelievepromptedthischangeintheU.S.stance?MoonChung-in:Iwouldsayitissimplyachangeinrhetoric,butnotinsubstance.Sinceitsinauguration,theBidenadministrationhasbeenkeptsendingthesamemessageof‘letsmeetwithoutanypreconditionstoPyongyang.But‘therewillbenosummitdiplomacywithoutfirstgoingthroughworkingleveltalks.NorthKoreadidnotrespondtotheUSproposal.SincetheinaugurationoftheYoongovernmentMaylastyear,thesituationinKoreaisgettingfrombadtoworse.TheYoongovernmenthasadoptedahardlineapproachbystrengtheningself-defensepostureandincreasingthefrequencyandintensityofROK-USjointmilitaryexercisesandtraining.AndtheUShasbeendeployingitsstrategicweaponstoSouthKoreamorefrequently.Moreimportantly,theUSandSouthKoreahaveagreedtoupgradeAmericanextendednucleardeterrencetodealwithnuclearthreatsfromNorthKorea.▎InApril,theUnitedStatesandSouthKoreaissuedtheWashingtonDeclaration,andAmericanstrategicnuclearsubmarineswillmakeregularvisitstoSouthKoreaPyongyanghasalsobeenrespondinginkindbyintensifyingitsballisticmissiletestlaunches.SinceMay2022,theNorthundertookmorethan40ballisticmissiletestswithmorethan70rounds.ForcetoforceconfrontationhasbeenheighteningmilitarytensionontheKoreanpeninsula.Inthepast,NorthKoreawasreceptiveofChinastwoproposals.Firstisthe‘doublesuspension(双中止),meaningexchangeofUS-ROKsuspensionofjointmilitaryexercisesandtrainingforNorthKoreansuspensionofnuclearandmissiletests.Andsecondisthe‘twotrackapproach(双轨并行),pursuingthedenuclearizationoftheKoreanpeninsulaandthecreationofpeaceregimeinKoreasimultaneously.▎August28th,thenaviesoftheUnitedStates,Japan,andSouthKoreaconductedajointanti-missileexerciseButnow,NorthKoreaissayingthatisnotenough.KimYoJong,sisterofKimJong-un,issuedastatementinJuly:EveniftheUSsuspendsthejointmilitaryexerciseandtrainingaswellasthedeploymentofUSstrategicweapons,wewillnotreturntodialogue.ShealsostatedthateveniftheUSwithdrawsitsmilitaryforcesfromSouthKorea,theNorthisnotgoingtohaveanymeaningfultalkswiththeUS.Becausetheyareallreversible.WithdrawalofUSforcesfromSouthKoreaisalsoreversible.TheUScanredeploytheirforceswithin15days.▎KimYo-jongsspeechinJulyreflectsaprogressivelymoreassertiveatitudefromtheNorthKoreansideTherefore,unlesstherearenewinnovativeproposalsthatwouldincluderadicalchangesintermsofnegotiation(e.g.,fromdenuclearizationtonucleararmsreductiontalks)aswellastheremovalofhostileintent(e.g.,removalofsanctions)andpolicy,andfinallydiplomaticnormalization,resumingdialoguewiththeNorthwillbeverydifficult.DialoguewiththeWorld:Inrecentyears,anti-ChinasentimentamongSouthKoreancitizenshasbeenescalating.HowdoyoubelieveChinacouldimproveitsimageamongtheSouthKoreanpublic?SomescholarstracethedeteriorationofSouthKoreangoodwilltowardChinabacktoChinasNortheastProject,arelativelyunknownprojectwithinChina.DoyouthinkSouthKoreanmediamayhaveexaggeratedtheimportanceofthisproject?MoonChung-in:TheNortheastProjectwasasourceofanti-Chinasentiments20yearsago.TheNortheastProjectisascholarlyprojecttorestorethehistoryoftheQingdynastywhichwasinitiatedbytheChinaSocialScienceAcademy.Intheprocess,ChinesehistoriansinvolvedintheprojecttreatedGoguryo,anancientKoreandynasty,aspartofChinasperipheralprovince.Suchmovesprecipitatedfierceanti-ChinasentimentsinSouthKoreasincetheyinfringedKoreanpeopleshistoricalsovereignty.▎TheTomboftheGeneralattheGoguryeoDynastyRelics,aUNESCOWorldCulturalHeritageSitelocatedwithinJilinProvince,ChinaHowever,thatissuedoesnotseemtocauseanti-ChinasentimentsinSouthKoreasincetheChinesegovernmenttookthepropermeasuresandtheprojectisnowover.TheTHAADissueandrelatedChinasongoingeconomicandculturalsanctionssince2016and2017havecertainlyaggravatedSouthKoreanpeoplesanti-Chinasentiments.Thereareotherissuestoo.Theyaremostlyrelatedtoculturalidentity.Forexample,duringtheopeningceremonyoftheBeijingwinterOlympic,anethnicKoreanChinesewearingKoreancostumeappeared.YouthsinSouthKoreacomplainedthatKoreancostumeswereintroducedasiftheyweretraditionalChinesecostume.WhenaChineseTVprogramintroducedkimchiasChinesecuisineofbaocai,SouthKoreayouthsbecameanti-Chinese.▎TheChina-SouthKoreaKimchiDisputeMostrecently,ChineseprovincialauthoritiesinNortheastprovinceshavenotallowedSouthKoreantouriststovisittheAnJung-geunsmemorialsiteinLshunandYunDong-jusbirthplaceintheLongjingcounty.Thebanastemporaryforrepairingpurpose,butSouthKoreanmediareportedsuchmeasureswerepoliticallymotivated.Suchculturalclasheshavebeenamplifyingincyberspace,boostinganti-Chinasentiments.▎TheOldLushunPrison-theexecutionsiteofAnJung-geun,apatriotwhoassassinatedHirobumiItoduringtheJapanesecolonialeraWesternmediahasalsoplayedaprofoundroleinshapinganti-ChinasentimentsinSouthKorea.WesternmediahassuccessfullydemonizedChinabysensationalizingChinasdomesticpoliticsandmilitaryanddiplomaticstance.Reportsonwolfwarriordiplomats,isagoodexample.SouthKoreanmassmediahasbeenrelayingsuchWesternreportswithoutproperfiltering.Onthecontrary,theyhavebeenbandwagoningWesternmediasmoves,contributingtotheshapingofanti-ChinesesentimentsinSouthKorea.TheChinesegovernmentrecentlyliftedthebantheChinesegrouptourtoSouthKorea.Iwouldsaythatwillbringverypositiveimpacts.TheChinesegovernmentandpeopleshouldpromotemoreexchangeandcooperationwithSouthKorea.Giventhesizeofinteractionandgeographicandcyberproximity,itisvirtuallyimpossibletoavoiddiscordandconflict.However,ChinashouldtrytominimizeelementsofconflictbetweenChinaandSouthKorea,whilemaximizingelementsofcooperation.Politicians,elites,experts,andmediapeopleshouldavoidthepoliticizationofChina-SouthKoreanrelations.DialoguewiththeWorld:DoyoubelievenextyearsU.S.presidentialelectioncouldpotentiallypresentanopportunityforimprovingrelationsbetweenChinaandSouthKorea?MoonChung-in:Idoubt.Yes,China-SouthKoreanrelationsarebyandlargeinfluencedbyChina-USrelations.Thus,itisveryimportanttounderstandthenatureanddirectionofAmericanpolitics.If‘anti-Chinaor‘ChinabashingremainsacommonrallyingpointacrosstheDemocratsandRepublicans,China-USrelationswillbecomequiteunstable.Consequently,China-SouthKorearelationswillbenegativelyaffected.EvenifTrumpgetsre-elected,situationisnotlikelytochange.▎TheU.S.Republicanpresidentialprimarydebates:Anti-ChinaasacommonthemeintheirforeignpolicyButiftheoppositionpartywinsthepresidentialelectionafter4years,therecouldbesomechangesinChina-SouthKoreanrelations.RegardlessofChina-USrelations,newgovernmentinSouthKoreamighttrytoimproveitsrelationswithChina.UndertheYoongovernment,however,Idontexpectanybigchanges.
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